f3cd832174ec854ab444fde49727a6747fed01669b21f4e931480482782d706c3

FIG 5 Timeline depicting the significant events that occurred during the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 virus outbreak. The timeline describes the significant events during the current SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, from 8 December 2019 to 13 May 2020. At the beginning, China experienced the majority of the burden associated with COVID-19 in the form of disease morbidity and mortality (65), but over time the COVID-19 menace moved to Europe, particularly Italy and Spain, and now the United States has the highest number of confirmed cases another study, the average reproductive number of COVID-19 was found to be 3.28, which is significantly higher than the initial WHO estimate of 1.4 to 2.5 (77). It is too early to obtain the exact R₀ value, since there is a possibility of bias due to insufficient data. The higher R₀ value is indicative of the more significant potential of SARS-CoV-2transmission in a susceptible population. This is not the first time where the culinary practices of China have been blamed for the origin of novel coronavirus infection in humans. Previously, the animals present in the live-animal market were identified to be the intermediate hosts of the SARS outbreak in China (78). Several wildlife species were found to harbor potentially evolving coronavirus strains that can overcome the species barrier (79). One of the main principles of Chinese food culture is that live-slaughtered animals are considered more nutritious (5). After 4 months of struggle that lasted from December 2019 to March 2020, the COVID-19 situation now seems under control in China. The wet animal markets have reopened, and people have started buying bats, dogs, cats, birds, scorpions, badgers, rabbits, pangolins (scaly anteaters), minks, soup from palm civet, ostriches, hamsters, snapping turtles, ducks, fish, Siamese crocodiles, and other as an entry receptor while exhibiting an RBD similar to that of SARS-CoV (17, 87, 254, 255). Several countries have provided recommendations to their people traveling to China (88, 89). Compared to the previous coronavirus outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 human-to-human transmission was thought to be less. This assumption was based on the finding that health workers were affected less than they were in previous outbreaks of fatal coronaviruses (2). Superspreading events are considered the main culprit for the extensive transmission of SARS and MERS (90, 91). Almost half of the MERS-CoV cases reported in Saudi Arabia are of secondary origin that occurred through contact with infected asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals through human-to-human transmission (92). The occurrence of superspreading events in the COVID-19 outbreak cannot be ruled out until its possibility is evaluated. Like SARS and MERS, COVID-19 can also infect the lower respiratory tract, with milder symptoms (27). The basic reproduction number of COVID-19 has been found to be in the range of 2.8 to 3.3 based on real-time reports and 3.2 to 3.9 based on predicted infected cases (84). route warrants the introduction of negative fecal viral nucleic acid test results as one of the additional discharge criteria in laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 (326). The COVID-19 pandemic does not have any novel factors, other than the genetically unique pathogen and a further possible reservoir. The cause and the likely future outcome are just repetitions of our previous interactions with fatal coronaviruses. The only difference is the time of occurrence and the genetic distinctness of the pathogen involved. Mutations on the RBD of CoVs facilitated their capability of infecting newer hosts, thereby expanding their reach to all corners of the world (85). This is a potential threat to the health of both animals and humans. Advanced studies using Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction identified the most probable origin of SARS-CoV-2 as the bat SARS-like coronavirus, circulating in the Rhinolophus bat family (86).

f3cd832174ec854ab444fde49727a6747fed01669b21f4e931480482782d706c2

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f3cd832174ec854ab444fde49727a6747fed01669b21f4e931480482782d706c1

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) programme is aimed at introducing undergraduates to standard industrial practices in their respective fields and to give them the opportunity to merge theoretical principles to practical applications. This report is a brief summary of my work experience at FUPRE EARTH SCIENCES LABORATORY, from June to November 2023. It is a brief explanation of the knowledge and skills I acquired and my areas of participation during my industrial training. It also gives a brief introduction and history of Safety Environtoxin Nigeria Limited (SET). Every initial working day of the week we usually have a Knowledge Sharing Session (KSS), where different staffs of the company including the industrial training students would be assigned days and specific topics to make quality research on for the purpose of educating and presenting updated knowledge and information to all. At the end of this sessions room are always given for questions and answers, which thereafter is concluded by the summary of the Human Resource Manager. I worked in the department of Environmental management, Chemical supply and Production. I was introduced to the management, laboratory staffs, the different departments of which I availed (environmental management department, chemical supply warehouse, and Production house where I was fully assigned to work). In the chemical supply section, I was able to identify each of the chemicals in store by their chemical and common names (Nitrosol or Antisol, Caustic Soda, Soda Ash or Sodium carbonate, SLS(Sodium Lauryl Sulphate), Sulphonic Acid, STPP e.t.c). I was also able to weigh and scale several chemicals as I properly bagged them. I was involved in dispensing chemical in their demanded quantity to our customers and clients. We also go out to the field and sales stores with various packaged products for marketing. In the environmental management department, I was acquainted with the problems faced environmentally in the locality and was further exposed to several chemicals that are used to produce germicides, insecticides, avicides, and rodenticides. In the production department, I was involved in all the processes carried out there (from conveying of the various materials and chemicals needed to the production house to mixing of the of the various chemicals to produce the desired products). Conclusively, the SIWES has positively contributed to my development firstly as a social being and very much as a chemist. It exposed me to a better understanding of the industrial practices and processes in relation to the theoretical works done in class and their practical applications.