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The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century in Britain, transformed society from agrarian to industrial and led to significant technological advancements.

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Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance polymath, conceptualized inventions and painted masterpieces like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

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The Gutenberg Bible, printed by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, is considered the first major book printed using mass-produced movable metal type.

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The Black Death, a devastating pandemic caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, wiped out an estimated 75–200 million people in Eurasia during the 14th century.

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The Mongol Empire, led by Genghis Khan, was the largest contiguous land empire in history, spanning from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan.